The Black Mamba - Dendroaspis polylepis is known for its exceptionally fast acting venom and neurological as well as cardiovascular effects on the human body. But what is causing these impressive symptoms?

Black Mamba venom, like all snake venom, consists of a cocktail of various toxins and substances. Black Mamba venom mostly contains Neurotoxin, Dendrotoxin, Fasciculins and Calciseptine, together these substances along with other substances lead to the common symptoms shown in Black Mamba bites.

Neurotoxin: The Neurotoxin in Black Mamba venom is responsible for Neuromuscular blockage, this is due to the interfering of the transmission of nerve signals to muscles. This causes a flaccid paralysis, in other words the muscles become weak and unable to contract. This is what causes the symptoms like slurred speech and droopy eyelids.

Dendrotoxin: Dendrotoxin in Black Mamba venom is a type of neurotoxin that primarily affects nerve function by blocking the voltage-gated potassium channels in neurons, leading to tingling in the lips, paralysis and nausea.

Fasciculins: They act as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, increasing acetylcholine levels at the neuromuscular junction. This leads to overstimulation of muscles, which can cause symptoms such as fasciculations (muscle twitching) and eventually paralysis.

Calciseptine: It is a 60-amino acid peptide that selectively blocks the L-type calcium channels in cardiac and smooth muscle cells. This selective blockage leads to symptoms such as difficulty breathing and cardiovascular complications.

Together these make up the Black Mamba's venom and cause severe symptoms in case of a bite. Although there are many treatments for Black Mamba bites, not all cases are the same and fatalities do occur. The most important thing is to avoid bites at all costs.

Black Mambas are not aggressive snakes, although they are fast and alert snakes and will strike if cornered. The best thing to do is get out of its way, the worst situation for a person and a Black Mamba is being cornered in a small space! Black Mambas are powerful creatures and must be respected.

References:

• Science Direct • National Library of Medicine • Calciseptine, a Peptide Isolated From Black Mamba Venom, is a Specific Blocker of the L-Type Calcium Channel • Revered but Poorly Understood: A Case Report of Dendroaspis polylepis (Black Mamba) Envenomation in Watamu, Malindi Kenya, and a Review of the Literature